Division of Forensic Sciences

Laboratory Services

and

Requirements for Submitting Evidence

Forensic laboratory work was introduced to Georgia in the early 1940s by Dr. Herman Jones who, while working for the Alabama Department of Toxicology, periodically assisted Georgia law enforcement officers. On June 1, 1947, Fulton County established a three-person police laboratory with Dr. Jones as Director. He accepted the directorship on the condition that the laboratory would also assist law enforcement officers in the other Georgia counties. On February 8, 1952, the laboratory officially became a state agency under the Department of Public Safety. It was the second statewide crime laboratory in the country. In 1974, the Crime Laboratory, the Division of Investigation, and Georgia Crime Information Center were separated from the Department of Public Safety and reorganized as the Georgia Bureau of Investigation. In 1984, the laboratory was named the Division of Forensic Sciences (DOFS). As the need for additional forensic services increased, along with the state’s population, DOFS grew from one laboratory to a system of eight laboratories strategically located throughout the state. Currently, DOFS employs over 250 scientists and support staff. They perform hundreds of thousands of scientific tests annually on over 100,000 exhibits each year.

The following groups represent DOFS customers:

This booklet is designed to make the process of submitting evidence to DOFS laboratories easier and more efficient. However, not every circumstance could possibly be covered. If further information or guidance is needed, please call Headquarters at 404-244-2500, or any of our regional laboratories for assistance.

HOURS OF OPERATION

Laboratory hours are from 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday.

Evidence receiving hours are from 8:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. , Monday through Friday .

The Crime Laboratory observes the State of Georgia official holiday schedule.

Call the appropriate laboratory for special assistance during off-hours.

The laboratory system consists of eight regional laboratories. The laboratory locations are listed below. Please note that not all services are provided by each of our laboratories. Therefore, refer to each laboratory before submitting evidence. If a service is not available at a regional laboratory, evidence may be delivered to that laboratory for transfer to the appropriate laboratory, or mail directly to….

Functions of the Division of Forensic Sciences System

• Identify, compare, and interpret physical evidence
• Furnish expert forensic testimony
• Assist in crime scene processing
• Advise court officials on the presentation of scientific evidence
• Furnish instructions concerning laboratory operations and scientific echniques to law enforcement training schools and the public
• Maintain custody of the physical evidence until testing has been completed

Fees

Most laboratory examinations, court appearances, and travel expenses are available without charge. To aid in the collection and submission of evidence, law enforcement agencies can purchase, for a nominal fee, sexual assault, gunshot residue, blood alcohol/toxicology and urine only kits directly from manufacturers under DOFS agency contract.

All submissions of exhibits must be connected to criminal or coroner cases investigations. No evidence will be analyzed for private individuals or corporations. No evidence involving routine drug and/or blood alcohol testing of probation cases will be analyzed. However, these services may be requested when an individual is suspected of a criminal offense and the requesting department is pursuing probation revocation.

Several methods may be used to submit evidence to the laboratory. The method selected will depend upon the type and size of the item, the urgency, and the complexity of the case. Whatever method is used, the officer submitting the evidence must take care to ensure that the evidence will not be lost, damaged, or contaminated and that the chain of custody will be as short as possible.

In general

All evidence must be properly packaged and sealed. Some items of evidence (e.g. vehicles, large bulky items, etc.) may be submitted as is.

The laboratory must receive at least one DOFS Submission Form every time evidence is submitted to the laboratory.

Improperly sealed or packaged evidence or evidence submitted without a completed submission form is subject to return without analysis.

The following describes in greater detail the general requirements for submitting evidence to the laboratory. Other special instructions for specific evidence will be given in each service area. Please refer to these instructions before submitting any evidence.

Submission Forms and Incident Reports

The DOFS Evidence Submission Form requests the absolutely necessary information required each time evidence is submitted to the laboratory . A copy of the form is located on the DOFS web site. The following evidence kits/types and agency forms below do not need an additional DOFS Submission Form when submitted to the lab :

BA/Tox and Urine Only Kits – a unique form is included in kit
DNA Database Sample – a unique form is included in kit
Fulton County ME Form
Other forms approved in advance by DOFS management.

The box printed on the top left-hand corner of the DOFS Submission Form is the space for the submitting officer to record the date and time they submitted evidence to the lab using the auto-date stamper at each lab site. The submitting agency should take a copy of the Submission Form for their records. In addition, a copy of the officer’s incident report must be provided on all Biology and Trace cases. DOFS recommends that an incident report is submitted for all cases. To ensure the best laboratory service for each case type, it is important to supply information as to the significance of the evidence in relation to the crime. A lengthy narrative is not necessary but it must be informative because this is a source used by the scientist(s) to help make decisions regarding case priority and type or extent of testing. A duplicate investigative summary (or incident report) is not necessary for subsequent submission unless additional investigative information is available.

The Evidence Submission Form , an incident report and any other information must be attached to the outside of the sealed evidence package so that it may be referenced without breaking the seal on the evidence package. This also allows the analyst to receive the evidence in a sealed condition. Place an indication as to which laboratory section the evidence needs to be delivered (e.g. Attention: DI {for drugs}, etc.). For cases in which more than one section of the laboratory will be examining evidence, package the evidence separately for each section whenever possible. Specific packaging requirements are given later for individual services.

Service Requests

All evidence submitted for scientific analysis must have a service requested in writing on the DOFS Evidence Submission Form. Some evidence requires only one service (e.g. drug identification); however, other evidence may require more than one type of scientific investigation. It is important that all services required for a complete analysis be requested by the submitting agency to ensure that the evidence is submitted for the appropriate analyses. Coordination of these service requests by the laboratory is necessary to prevent damage or loss of evidentiary value. For example, it is important to carefully evaluate any stain with an apparent pattern, particularly a bloody fingerprint. In this instance, the information derived from the latent print service could have more significance than the potential serology result.

Labeling, Packaging, and Sealing Evidence for Delivery

Adequate labeling is essential not only for DOFS laboratory applications, but also vital for usage in court. All items of evidence must have both the first and last name of the victim/suspect and the agency case number or other unique identifying information on each outside packag e.

All paperwork attached to evidence should contain the following information :

Name (suspect and/or victim)
Brief description of contents of packaging
Location where collected
Date and time of collection
Investigator’s name, agency and agency case number
Doctor, medical examiner, or technician (when applicable)

The individual items enclosed in packages should bear the initials or personal mark of the officer for adequate identification and chain of custody according to their departmental policy. Packages should be maintained in a cool, dry location prior to submission to the DOFS laboratory. Any special storage requirements are described in the specific service areas.

In many instances, it is necessary to place each item in a separate container to prevent cross-contamination. Containers should be appropriately selected for each evidence type, adequately labeled, securely closed, and sealed. Outside blood alcohol/toxicology packaging is discarded after opening in the laboratory.

Sealing of the outer containers, along with the initials of the sealing officer, is mandatory. The seal must be tamper evident. Tamper evident tape or heat sealing are acceptable methods to seal a container. Self sealing evidence bags are also acceptable containers. The sealing officer must initial across the tape, heat seal, or self seal onto the package. In those instances where there is a designated area on the seal for the initials it is acceptable to use that area.

Safety Considerations in Packaging

Biohazards:
All biohazards must be in a leak-proof container that will contain all contents and prevent leakage during handling, storage, and transport. All blood alcohol and toxicology cases must be submitted in an approved BA/TOX Kit. Biohazards that are mailed must be in leak-proof packaging with absorbent material. The primary container must be placed in an outer shipping container with secondary leak-proof materials. The biohazard warning symbol and label must be applied to the outside of the container. The packaging and marking requirements for biohazard evidence are based upon the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogen Standard, CFR Title 29, 1910.1030 and on Postal Regulations, Domestic Mail Manual 124.383.

Warning Labels:
Warning labels are required. Note any warning on the package. For example:

Warning: Biohazard
Warning: Hepatitis or HIV Positive
Warning: Glass
Warning: Sharp – objects such as knives must be packaged in boxes or other suitable containers which prevents loss or damage to the evidence as well as minimizes potential safety hazards to employees.

Firearms:
All firearms must be unloaded prior to mailing or submission to the lab. If the case warrants leaving the cartridges in the weapon then it must be hand delivered. The laboratory must be informed that a weapon is loaded. Under no circumstances will a loaded weapon be deposited into a DOFS lockbox. In addition, a sign must be affixed to the firearm packaging indicating “Loaded Weapon” prior to hand-delivery.

Hazardous Chemicals:
Flammable and other hazardous chemical materials must be delivered in person.

Syringes:
Syringes may contain valuable evidence in some cases. Therefore on a case by case basis, in life-threatening situations, and with prior DOFS approval, syringe contents may be accepted by the laboratory for analysis.

Delivery in Person

Evidence may be delivered in person between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 3:30 p.m. Monday through Friday. Lockboxes at each lab site are to be used for submission of evidence. Prior arrangements must be made with the laboratory for evidence delivered at other times.

Lockboxes

There are evidence depository boxes called Lockboxes in each of the DOFS Laboratories. These are secure evidence containers designed for the submission of evidence during business hours. To reduce delays in submission of evidence and delays in processing, please use the Lockboxes per directions at each laboratory location.

Mailing/Common Carrier

When mailing evidence, it is best to use certified or registered mail and return receipt. Evidence, with some exceptions, may be sent by common carrier to each laboratory. Commercial carriers have additional regulations and must be consulted regarding their individual requirements.

 Note: The U.S. Post Office will not transport human remains or body parts.

Return of Evidence

Evidence will be only temporarily stored in the laboratory system until all services have been completed. By prior arrangement with each agency e vidence will either be returned via common carrier or picked-up by the next agency representative to submit evidence to the lab.

To expedite picking up evidence, please call ahead.

Reports

The results of scientific testing are provided through DOFS Official Reports. The reports are electronically signed by the analyst(s) performing the examination(s). DOFS Official Reports are not official unless signed. A separate report will be issued for each service under the same DOFS case number if multiple services were requested.

Official reports can be accessed through the DOFS web site.

The Division of Forensic Sciences provides a complete service in Forensic Pathology under the authority of the Georgia Death Investigation Act. Examinations are performed at Headquarters, Eastern Regional Laboratory, Central Regional Laboratory, Southwestern Regional Laboratory, Coastal Regional Laboratory and Northwestern Regional Laboratory. Headquarters is operational twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. The Regional Laboratories’ schedules are published monthly.

Cases are reported to The Medical Examiner’s Section by Coroners, Deputy Coroners, and Law Enforcement. The Medical Examiner’s Office determines if an examination will be performed. Requests for examinations are received 24 hours a day by Headquarters and should be made by calling 404-328-4320 or 404-244-2600 or

1-800-282-8746. Regional laboratory requests may be made by dialing:

Cases accepted for examination are transported to the respective laboratory by transport services provided by the county of death. Cases examined at headquarters are received 24 hours a day. All other laboratories should be contacted prior to delivering the case. Every effort is made to accommodate the attendance of examinations by authorized persons. Those who wish to attend an examination should make their request to the appropriate Medical Examiner Investigator.

Persons reporting a death should provide details regarding the death. Reported information should include:

Name of Deceased
Residence of Deceased
Date of Birth
Sex/Race
Date, Time, Place Pronounced
Means Used To Make Positive Identification
Investigating Officer/ Agency
Location of Body
Funeral Home

Evidence removed from the scene should be submitted separately to the appropriate laboratory either in person or by a method of submission that meets the requirements for preservation of chain of custody. If there is any question as to whether an item should be removed or submitted as evidence, please contact the Medical Examiner Investigator prior to removal of the decedent from the scene. Items of jewelry or other valuables not deemed of evidentiary value should not be submitted with the deceased.

Clothing accompanying the deceased may be returned to the family or retained as evidence. When clothing is not needed as evidence and is especially soiled, it may be discarded, unless otherwise noted.

At times, certain organs or parts of organs may be kept for the purpose of determining the cause and manner of death or in some homicides or questionable deaths to demonstrate an injury. Organs are never kept for research or as matters of curiosity. In most cases, all organs are returned with the body.

A preliminary result may be available within 24 hours or at completion of the autopsy. If more detailed information is needed or there is a matter of urgency, the appropriate laboratory may be contacted at any time using the above telephone numbers.

The Georgia Death Investigation Act (O. C. G. A. 45-16-27) requires that any person under seven (7) years of age:

1. Where a coroner or county medical examiner has been notified pursuant to paragraph six (6) of subsection (a) of Code Section 45-16-24 of the death of any person after birth but before seven (7) years of age whose death is unexpected or unexplained, the medical examiner’s inquiry required by Code Section 45-16-25 shall include an autopsy unless that inquiry shows that such death was expected or explainable with a reasonable degree of medical certainty.

2. The provisions of this Code section shall apply notwithstanding subsection (b) of Code Section 45-16-22 or any other provision of this article.

Coroners and Medical Examiners must file their reports with the Division of Forensic Sciences (O. C. G. A. 4516-32). Medical Examiners are also required to submit a copy of all reports on deaths of children ages 17 and under to their local Child Abuse Review Committee (O. C. G. A. 19-1-3a).

The primary function of the Drug Identification Section is to analyze chemical compounds and determine if possession of these compounds is in violation of federal and state drug laws. The Drug Identification Section also has a team of scientists trained to assist police officers in clandestine laboratory seizures, technical support in undercover operations, supplying the courts and other state agencies with factual drug information, and providing information to the general public and news media about drug abuse. Drug identification is performed in each of the laboratories throughout the state.

Services Provided:

• Identification of substances in violation of federal or Georgia drug laws
• Quantification performed as required
• Free base determination on cocaine cases prosecuted under federal law
• Assistance in clandestine laboratory seizures (coordinated through GBI-HQ)
• Assistance in other undercover drug operations
• Net weights given on powder-type materials and marijuana samples
• Reports will reflect proper scheduling under Georgia law
• Reports will reflect analytical procedures used in testing
• Police training in marijuana identification through POST

Effective July 1, 2004, per GBI Operations Bulletin 2004-01, suspected marijuana samples will be tested within the restraints as described within the bulletin.

In most cases, only one item will be analyzed per case. Upon request, additional items meeting laboratory policy may be analyzed.

Submission of Evidence

Evidence must be sealed and labeled prior to entering the laboratory. One DOFS case number will be used for all evidence submitted using the same agency case number. In most cases only one item will be analyzed. Packaging, labeling and the method of submission is very important for agencies using one agency number for ongoing investigations, or for cases with multiple suspects. This information is used to determine what evidence will be analyzed. All evidence items associated with an agency case number must be grouped (attached) together with attached respective submission forms . Each undercover “buy” must be packaged separately, labeled with the date, and submitted to the lab as a separate request. Evidence seized from a search warrant must be packaged separately from previous “buy” cases and submitted as a separate request. Seizures at the same location attributable to a specific suspect must be packaged separately from other evidence and submitted as a separate request for that individual. Evidence seized from different properties (for forfeiture of property) must be packaged separately and submitted as different requests. When trafficking cases are suspected, or more than one ounce of marijuana is suspected, all evidence to be used in the weight determination must be submitted on one submission request. Weights between separate requests cannot be added to determine if weight requirements for the charges have been met. A separate report will be generated for each request.

All information necessary for receiving case(s) comes from the log and/or submission form. Please write legibly. The suspect’s name and agency case number on the form must agree with the name and agency case number on the outer plastic bag. Do not submit paperwork or the Evidence Submission Form inside the sealed evidence.

All evidence will be received using the lockboxes. Large, bulky cases will be received, sampled and returned. Please make arrangements prior to bringing large cases to allow time for the sampling. When mailing evidence to the laboratory, write “Attention DI” (do not write “Drugs”) on all outer packages. Mail drug evidence separately from other types of evidence and send to the appropriate laboratory.

For a better chain of custody, all drug evidence must be submitted to the laboratory in a sealed outer plastic bag and a secured inner plastic bag.

Sealed OUTER Plastic Bag:

The outer plastic bag should be at least 8” x 10” in size, clear on at least one side, and must be sealed with a tamper evident seal. This can be tamper-proof evidence tape, a tamper-proof seal, or heat seal. The initials of the sealing officer will be written on and extending across, this seal (that is, some of the initials will be on the seal as well as on the packaging). Care should be taken to ensure all self-sealing type evidence packages are in fact correctly closed to ensure a sealed condition. The following information must be clearly written on the outer sealed plastic bag: Name of suspect(s), Case officer(s), Law Enforcement Agency and case number, Prosecuting Agency, and Inventory of Contents.

Sandwich bags are not acceptable because of thin material used in construction. Heavy construction zip-lock plastic bags, freezer bags, or bags of a similar weight plastic are acceptable packages. No loose materials such as powders, tablets, capsules, crack cocaine chunks, marijuana, etc. should be placed in the outer bag unless first secured in an inner plastic bag. The evidence must be visible in the inner bag. Do not include any evidence receipts inside the outer plastic bag that need to be signed by DOFS personnel. Additional bags should be used to prevent overfilling the outer plastic bag because it must be resealed upon completion of the scientific analysis. Appropriately label evidence if obtained from an area of possible chemical or biohazard contaminations such as toilets, mouth, etc.

Secured INNER Plastic Bag:

The inner plastic bag must be secured so that the contents will not fall out of the bag. The inner bag must be clear on both sides. Like items should be grouped together and placed in one inner plastic bag. Different types of evidence must be packed so that cross-contamination does not occur (i.e. Do not place a marijuana pipe in a plastic bag with loose marijuana leaves).

Exceptions in Packaging:

• Any wet plant material (such as marijuana plants, leaves, mushrooms, etc.) must be dried before submitting. Allow the material to air dry before packaging and transporting to the lab. Trapped moisture will cause the evidence to rot and be unsuitable for analytical testing.
• Large bales of marijuana, kilos of cocaine, large plants, etc. may be submitted in large bags or as packaged.
• Liquids must be submitted in a leak-proof, screw-capped bottle placed in an outer sealed plastic bag. Liquids that present a biohazard (e.g. from toilet) should be clearly labeled as such.
• LSD is a light sensitive drug. When submitting possible LSD samples, package the samples in a manila envelope or small paper bag before placing in the outer plastic bag.

Clandestine laboratory evidence submissions:

All submitted clandestine laboratory evidence must be inspected and approved by designated DOFS staff before evidence will be received by the DOFS.

Safety precautions

In addition to the normal precautions taken when working cases, the following conditions must be considered when analyzing clan lab submissions:

• Anhydrous ammonia is corrosive. Contact with liquid ammonia may cause immediate, severe chemical burns, as well as frostbite. Nonpressurized liquid ammonia will form ammonia gas. This gas is extremely corrosive and can burn and damage eyes, skin, mucous membranes, and any other exposed tissue. If inhaled, irritation of the respiratory system may occur, with coughing and breathing difficulty. Delayed pulmonary edema may occur following overexposure by inhalation. Overexposure to this gas may be fatal. Appropriate personal protection equipment must be worn. Items required are at a minimum, eye protection, hand protection and clothing protection. See MSDS for more information
• Liquids may be strongly acidic or alkaline and may emit hazardous vapors.
• Liquids may contain toxic solvents.
• Extraction may release toxic gases (e.g. phosphine).
• Sample containers may be under extreme pressure.
• Disguised incendiary devices may mistakenly be submitted as evidence (e.g. tin-foil balls).
• Solid materials may exhibit noxious odors – weighing in a fume hood may be required.

Packaging Requirements (excluding suspected anhydrous ammonia)

Liquid samples must be packaged in glass vials with teflon caps. Each glass vial must be contained within a polypropylene bottle to ensure that the liquid will be retained if the glass vial should break or leak. Each bottle must be packaged separately.

If samples are packaged in an unsuitable manner, this evidence will not be accepted.

A maximum of approximately 100 mL of liquid sample per evidence item will be accepted.

Packaging Requirements for anhydrous ammonia samples

All preliminary field testing for anhydrous ammonia must be performed. Only samples exhibiting positive results will be accepted. Documentation (utilizing OPS DI Form 25) of these tests must accompany the submitted sample.

Requesting agency must utilize DOFS approved sampling cylinder when collecting suspected liquid anhydrous ammonia sample. No sample will be transported, received or tested by GBI-DOFS staff in any unapproved container.

The following are mandatory items for anhydrous ammonia sample submission:
Swagelock – 304L-HDF4-150 Stainless Steel Sample Cylinder (with appropriate ANHYDROUS AMMONIA labeling) fitted with two SS-14DKM4-E valves with two SS-4-HC-7-4 Female Hose Connectors, assembled using teflon tape on all threads.

Non-Acceptable Items:

The following items will not be accepted by the laboratory for analysis or storage because of biological, chemical or physical safety hazards:

• Used presumptive field ID kits
• Large amounts of chemicals (submit only small, representative samples)
• Razor blades
• Syringes or the contents from syringes (contents may be submitted in life-threatening situations, only with prior DOFS approval)
• Wet water pipes
• Any other biohazards determined to be dangerous to laboratory personnel
  

The Firearms and Toolmark Section is dedicated to providing reliable scientific support to all law enforcement personnel. Services are provided at both the investigation and trial-preparation stages of criminal cases involving the use of a firearm or other tool.

The firearms and toolmark section is a versatile, well-equipped unit offering a number of services that can be useful to investigators. The section can determine:

• The type of weapon that a particular bullet or cartridge case was fired from
• Whether a bullet was, or was not fired from a suspected weapon
• Whether a cartridge case was, or was not fired in a suspected weapon
• Whether a tool found in a suspect’s possession was, or was not used to cut, scrape, pry, or pinch evidence material seized from a crime scene*
• The original serial number of a weapon or other metal object after the number has been obliterated
• If gunpowder is present on a victim’s clothing or on other evidence that may have been the target of the suspect
• The distance from the muzzle of the firearm to the target at the time the weapon was fired**
• If any elements are present in a properly prepared Gunshot Residue Kit that could be associated with the firing of a weapon
• If fingernail clippings or fragments found at a scene can be identified as having come from a specific person
• If a lamp was on or off at the time of an accident by examining the condition of the filament

*Tools found at the scene of a crime that cannot be associated with a suspect will not be examined.

**No muzzle-to-target distance tests can be done without the weapon that was involved in the shooting. Note: It cannot be determined “how long” it has been since a weapon was fired.

Many other miscellaneous examinations may be performed at the request of the customer. Examiners in the Firearms and Toolmarks section may conduct other testing that is of special interest to an investigator. Such requests may be made at the time of evidence submissions or by phone.

Collection and Submission of Evidence

The following are general requirements for officers and other law enforcement personnel in collecting and submitting evidence to the Firearms and Toolmarks Section. As in all cases, common sense should be used when attempting to protect the integrity of evidence.  

Firearms

Firearms should be collected carefully so that no parts of the gun are damaged. Officers should make sure that nothing comes in contact with either the inside of the barrel or the breech face, which is where the head of the cartridge rests before firing.

Weapons Recovered From Water

Weapons removed from fresh water must be contained in the same water. Small lunch coolers work very well for handguns. In the event that a rifle or shotgun is removed from a lake or pond but can’t fit into a container, the weapon should be sprayed heavily with WD-40 or other lubricant and taken to the Firearms Section as soon as possible. The slightest bit of rust to the inside of the barrel will alter the individual characteristics necessary to make identification. If the gun is removed from the water, it must be oiled, making sure that the inside of the barrel is sprayed or filled with oil. This will slow the oxidation process. Weapons removed from salt water should be rinsed, heavily oiled and brought to the crime laboratory. Heavily bloodstained weapons should be packaged in bags with a biohazard label.

Protecting the Weapon from Damage

Do not insert foreign objects into any part of the gun such as the barrel or ejection port. In the event the gun will be dusted for fingerprints or super glued, block both ends of the barrel gently with tape. This will prevent residue from building up inside of the barrel. If a loaded gun is submitted to the laboratory, you must notify DOFS personnel for instructions prior to submitting the weapon. Insure that the container is properly marked indicating that the firearm is loaded. Loaded firearms must be hand carried to the laboratory – do not leave in the lock box. Do not dry fire or work the action of any weapon that is to be submitted to the crime lab. Leaving empty cartridge cases in the chamber of a revolver when submitted might assist the examiner in determining from which chamber the round was fired.

Bullets, Cartridge Cases and Cartridges

When bullets and cartridge cases are submitted for analysis, they should be individually packaged in their own canister, envelope, or other small container. Bullets (especially lead) should be lightly wrapped in tissue or cotton so that the bullet surface will be protected from possible damage.

• Do not mark or engrave any surface on a bullet or cartridge case as this may damage individual characteristics. If evidence must be marked, mark the container itself.
• Do not let any metal object such as forceps, knives or screwdrivers come into contact with a bullet. Metal objects will scratch the surface and alter the markings used for identification.
• Numerous cartridge cases recovered from the same area may be packaged together in one container to save time and supplies.
• Be sure to collect any wads or pellets in cases involving a shotgun. Many times a wad can be matched to the barrel of a shotgun, especially if it has a sawed-off barrel.
• Film canisters or pillboxes make excellent containers for packaging bullets and cartridge cases.

Clothing

Clothing submitted to the Firearms Section to be checked for gunpowder should be packaged in a paper bag or box. Do not package wet or bloody clothes until they have air-dried. Wet clothes will mold, making them difficult to examine. Inform the firearms examiner of how the layers of clothing were worn in order to assist in determining the path of the bullet. This information should be written on the evidence bag or the submission form. The Firearms Section also performs muzzle-to-target distance determinations. In order to perform this service, the gun identified as being used in the shooting must also be submitted. If no gun has been seized, the examination will be limited to a search for gunpowder or a gunpowder pattern.

Gunshot Residue Kits

Gunshot residue kits should be processed as instructed in the kit and sealed with tape. The name of the person or object that was wiped should be written on the outside of the package so that there is no need for opening at the time of submission. Only GSR kits approved by the crime laboratory will be accepted. These are available directly from the manufacturer under agency contract number.

Tools for Toolmark Comparison

The Firearms and Toolmark Section receives tools suspected of being associated with a crime scene. Cutting, pinching, prying, and striking tools are all examined by this section. Great care must be taken by the officer to protect the marking surfaces on the tool. If the entire tool cannot be wrapped, the tool’s marking surface should be protected using whatever materials are available to the officer. It should be understood that tools found at the crime scene that cannot link a person to the scene will not be examined. Materials recovered from the crime scene that are suspected of being marked by the recovered tool should be carefully removed from the scene so that the marks are not disrupted. Each item should be packaged separately and submitted to the laboratory.

Filaments

When the service request is to determine whether or not a lamp was on at the time of an accident, the entire lamp must be brought to the crime lab whenever possible. Care should be taken not to disturb the filament inside the bulb so that it can be examined. The lamp should be packaged in a box so that it cannot move around inside the container. If the lamps have been destroyed, collect and submit as many fragments and pieces as possible.

Automobiles

 If it is necessary to have a firearms examiner examine a car or other vehicle associated with a shooting incident, the vehicle should be photographed and transported to the crime laboratory as soon as possible. Officers in charge must ensure that glass shattered or cracked by a projectile does not break further during the transport. Examining the glass fracture patterns can make valuable conclusions.

Integrated Ballistic Identification System (IBIS)

The Integrated Ballistic Identification System (IBIS) is used to associate evidence in previously unsolved crimes. IBIS is a highly technical, computerized image analysis system that records striated images from bullets and cartridge cases and compares them to a national, and growing international, database of images. Bullets and cartridge cases recovered from victims and crime scenes are placed into the system and comparisons are made when agencies submit confiscated suspect weapons to the laboratory for testing. The images from the test fires are compared against the entire database. These images can be compared in a very few seconds, an impossible task for a firearms examiner using conventional procedures. These images are correlated by the IBIS system and given a score as to a possible match. The results of this correlation are called High Confidence Candidates, or HCCs. The firearms examiner makes a final determination to a positive match which then becomes a Hit. When a Hit has occurred, the involved law enforcement agencies are notified and they can then take the appropriate investigative and legal actions.

Service Provided

Intoxilyzer™ 5000 Training

The Implied Consent section trains and certifies operators to conduct breath-alcohol tests. This training is conducted at the Georgia Public Safety Training Center in Forsyth, but all scheduling of students and classes is handled by the DOFS in Atlanta. For information and class reservations, contact the Implied Consent section at (404) 244-2661.

Latent Prints are among the most valuable and common types of physical evidence. All objects at the scene of the crime should be considered as possible sources of fingerprints that may lead to identification of the offender. By examining the evidence submitted, the laboratory may be able to:

• Determine the presence of latent prints
• Determine if the latent prints are identifiable
• Compare and identify latent prints with the inked prints of suspects and with others for eliminating purposes
• Establish the identity of unknown deceased persons
• Identify the print via the Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)

Collection and Submission of Evidence

Evidence should be submitted for examination as soon as possible after its recovery. Cotton gloves should be used to pick up items of evidence, being careful not to wipe possible latent prints off the surface. Never wrap nonporous items in cotton or cloth – they damage or destroy the latent impressions. Do not cover exhibits to be examined for latent prints with evidence tape.

Packaging/Identification

Exhibits being forwarded to the laboratory should be initialed and dated for identification. It is important not to place the marks in an area that would obliterate latent prints. If insufficient space exists for initialing, the item may be tagged or placed in a bag and properly marked on the exterior. Identify all evidence, indicating if it is an original article, a lift, or a photographic negative. Put developed latent lifts in envelopes, mark, and seal. Mark the packaging “Latent Prints Evidence” and with the biohazard symbol if it contains bloodstained evidence.

Any number of paper specimens containing latent prints may be placed in a single container for transmittal. These may be protected by either of the following: place them in manila envelopes or plastic folders; put them between stiff cardboard; or wrap them in a box.

Secure large articles containing latent prints with string or wire to a rigid surface to prevent shifting and contacting other items.

Exposure to water or dampness does not necessarily destroy all latent prints. Any wet or damp object must be air dried before it is packaged for shipment.

Items of evidence which are to be examined for latent prints should be submitted to the Latent Prints section prior to submission of the evidence to any other sections, except the

Document and Trace Sections.

If items have been processed prior to submission to the DOFS laboratory, package those items to prevent smudging of the latent prints or possible breakage. Chemically processed items should be protected from exposure to light or submitted to the laboratory prior to the use of silver nitrate.

Submission of Inked Prints for Comparison

Inked prints for comparison with latent prints may be submitted with the evidence. One-to-one photographs, prints, or negatives may be submitted if the inked prints cannot be submitted. Photocopies of inked prints should only be submitted as a last resort. If inked prints are not available, the investigator may name the person or persons for comparison, and an effort will be made to locate the prints in the GCIC files. All descriptive data available pertaining to the individual should be listed. Treat all inked print cards as evidence, seal, and package with a completed Evidence Submission Form.

Often latent prints found at the scene of a crime involve areas of the palms, second and third joint of the fingers, and the finger sides and tips. For this reason, the investigator should take complete inked prints (major case prints) of all the ridges on the hands of subjects and persons known to have legitimately handled the evidence (elimination prints) to permit comparisons. Palm prints should always include prints of the lower finger joints, as well as an extra print of the outer edge of the palm.

Identifying the Deceased

In order to identify a deceased subject, inked fingerprints and palm prints should be taken for comparison purposes. Complete major case prints along with footprints should routinely be taken of deceased subjects for potential investigative purposes. If legible prints cannot be obtained, please contact the Latent Prints section for further instructions.

Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)

The Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) is a computerized system capable of reading, matching, and storing fingerprints for every criminal justice agency in the state of Georgia. AFIS-quality latent fingerprints are entered into the AFIS to search for possible matches against the state-maintained database of fingerprint records.

By examining the evidence submitted, the laboratory may be able to determine the presence of AFIS-quality fingerprints on evidence (photographs, latent lifts and/or negatives) for possible AFIS entry or establish the identity of unknown deceased persons.

AFIS Screening for Quality Latent Prints

This service is being offered to contributors who have numerous cases for AFIS submission. Requests will be accepted for screening cases for AFIS-quality latent fingerprints before completion of paperwork.

 Unidentified Latent Prints

Storage of unidentified latent fingerprints will be determined by the quality of the latent fingerprint(s) submitted. Unidentified latent fingerprints of good quality will be entered into the unidentified latent fingerprint database and will be compared daily to new fingerprint records being added to the main fingerprint database. If identification is made, the DOFS Official Report will notify the submitting agency.

If the submitting agency later identifies any latent fingerprints submitted to the laboratory for an AFIS search, or the case concerning the fingerprints is cleared for any reason, the agency should notify the laboratory so that these latent fingerprints can be purged from the database.

NOTE: The photo and imaging unit of the lab does not provide routine photographic services for individual agencies.

Services Provided for Law Enforcement Agencies:

• VHS tapes and digitally recorded surveillance image enhancement.

NOTE: The photo and imaging unit of the lab does not provide audiotape analysis or expert testimony regarding surveillance image enhancement.

A document is defined as anything upon which a mark is made for the purpose of conveying a message. The Questioned Documents section can assist in the analysis of documents involved in criminal activities. Documents may be involved not only in forgery cases but also in homicides, burglaries, robberies and other types of crime. In addition to handwriting and signature analysis, the Questioned Documents section examines typewriting and other mechanical impressions such as rubber stamps and checkwriters. Other types of examinations include photocopy source determinations, printing processes, and nondestructive ink and paper analysis. In general, this section examines and compares documents whose origin or authenticity is questioned.

Services Provided

• Comparison of signatures and other writings, handprinting and numerals
• Mechanical impression comparisons (e.g. typewriters, check writers, rubber stamps and seals)
• Identification of photocopy machines
• Typewriter make and model determinations
• Nondestructive examination of inks
• Deciphering water soaked, charred, or burned documents
• Deciphering indented writing on anonymous letters and other documents
• Torn and cut paper edge comparisons
• Printing and other duplicating processes analysis
• Spray-painted graffiti comparisons
• Altered/obliterated documents

Collection and Submission of Evidence

All documents should be handled as little as possible and must not be folded, creased, or stapled. Whenever possible, documents should not be processed for latent prints prior to submission for document examination. If requested, documents will be preserved for any future latent processing. Never complete paperwork or fill in evidence bags or envelopes with the documents being submitted for analysis underneath or enclosed. Extreme care must be exercised in handling burned or charred documents. They should always be hand-delivered to the laboratory.

The laboratory system no longer accepts misdemeanor bad check cases.

Whenever possible, always submit the suspect typewriter, check writer, rubber stamps, or seals rather than samples. Typewriter ribbons may contain the text from the questioned documents. Whenever practical, always submit the ribbon with the suspect machine. Never type on the typewriter to obtain exemplars.

Obtaining Standards for Comparison in Handwriting Cases

Dictated or Request Writing

Request or dictated writing samples are obtained from a subject for comparison with disputed documents. The subject is told what to write and is fully aware that the samples will be used for analysis. This type of sample should be obtained from all individuals suspected of involvement whether or not a confession has been obtained. A sufficient number of dictated samples must be obtained so the writing habits of an individual can be established.

Subjects should not be permitted to handle or inspect the questioned documents prior to giving samples. The text of the document, including what signature(s) to write, should be dictated to the subject. It is important to remember that the questioned and known writing must be comparable (i.e. an A cannot be compared to a B, John Smith cannot be compared to Mary Jones). In addition, the style of writing must also be comparable. In most instances, cursive or connected script can only be compared to similar cursive writing. Handprinted (or manuscript) writing can only be compared to handprinted writing. In true name cases, always supplement the request/dictated signatures with copies of driver’s license signatures and other documents not prepared for investigation.

The following guidelines for the number of samples to obtain are not rigid. Providing that the subject is willing to give samples, the number of samples should exceed the recommended number. Do not have subjects sign/write all in a row – use separate sheets of paper or check forms. Handwriting specimen forms and an instruction sheet are available electronically upon request.

• Checks – 10 to 15 repetitions
• Signature/Check Endorsements – 20 to 30 repetitions (include account numbers and any notations)
• Extended Writing – 3 to 5 samples
• General Handwriting Form – in addition to the above, always have subjects complete a general handwriting form. The form should be written in the style of the questioned document, either cursive or printed. This form should always be completed first before obtaining direct text samples.

Collected Writing

As the term implies, collected writing is collected or gathered for handwriting comparisons when a subject refuses to voluntarily provide dictated samples. In Georgia, subjects cannot be compelled to provide handwriting samples. For example, an employment application could be used to compare with an anonymous threatening letter. The following are possible sources of collected writing:

Bank signature cards
Identification cards
Credit card receipts
Jail forms, inmate request/complaint forms
DPS copy of driver’s license
Letters
Fingerprint cards
Phone message slips
Greeting cards
School or College notes and tests
Hospital records
Traffic tickets

Obtaining Standards in Mechanical Impression Cases

Mechanical impressions are impressions placed on a piece of paper by a machine or simple tool. It is often possible to identify the impression left on a document as produced by one particular machine or tool to the exclusion of all other machines. It is also possible to determine whether two documents have a common source. Whenever possible the original typewriter, check writer, notary seal or rubber stamp should be submitted to the laboratory . It is best whenever possible to submit the typewriter to the laboratory and allow lab personnel to prepare exemplars for analysis. The following guide should be adhered to if the actual machine cannot be submitted:

Typewriters

NOTE: If the typewriter uses a one-time carbon ribbon system, no samples should be taken on the ribbon in the machine at the time it is found. The onetime use ribbon might contain the questioned information being sought and, therefore, samples duplicating the questioned text should not be taken. The ribbon should be removed and submitted to the laboratory along with the questioned document. A new ribbon should be placed in the machine to take samples as follows:

• Checks – three to five repetitions of the date, payee name, and the written and numerical amounts on each check
• Anonymous Notes and Letters – three to five repetitions of the exact text
• Other documents – three to five repetitions of the questioned entries
• A complete strike-up of all letters, numbers and special characters

Check Writers

Impressions should be obtained in all the questioned denominations, including company logo. Three to five repetitions are needed for each check. As with typewriters, it is always best to submit the actual check writer to the lab rather than take exemplars .

Copy Machines

It is often possible to determine the type of process used to make a copy, and whether or not a specific copy machine was used to produce a questioned document. The proper method used to obtain a sample from a suspected copier is to activate the machine without a document in place to be copied with the lid down. The paper will be blank, but defects from the lid and glass will be recorded on the copy produced. A minimum of six copies should be prepared. Six additional samples should be obtained with a piece of paper on the platen (glass.) The make/model serial number and location of the copier should be noted. Do not write on the front of the samples. Each group should be separated and marked inconsequently on the reverse its number sequence of reproduction.

Other Services:

Charred and Water-Soaked Documents

It is possible to examine charred and water-soaked documents. Contact the laboratory for special transportation instructions.

Paper Examinations

It is often possible to determine the source of a particular paper through examination of watermarks and other features. It is also possible to determine if two or more pieces of paper could have originated from the same source and whether or not a certain piece of paper was once attached to another piece of paper. (physical match). It is also possible at times to determine whether or not a piece of notepad paper originated from a particular notepad.

Erasures, Obliterations, and Alterations

It is possible to decipher original text and to determine whether or not an erasure, alteration, or obliteration has occurred to a questioned document.

Indented Writing

The text of indentations may be deciphered, and it can be determined whether a certain document was written while in contact with a certain pad, notebook, paper, etc. Note that this process will not hamper any future fingerprint processing. However, latent fingerprint processing will hamper efforts to raise indented handwriting impressions.

Inks

It is sometimes possible to show that different inks were used to complete different portions of a document, but it is rarely possible to determine that a certain pen was used to prepare the document to the exclusion of all other pens of that same class.

Age of Documents

The exact age of a certain document is usually very difficult to accurately determine. However, it is sometimes possible to establish the age within broad limits.

Rubber Stamps/Seals

From each stamp and seal, 20 to 30 samples are needed for comparison. Whenever possible submit the original stamp or seal for examination.

Never clean a stamp or seal.

The services of the Forensic Biology section are intended to assist the criminal justice system by providing timely scientific analysis of biological evidence. When appropriately utilized, this testing has the potential to supply unbiased information to:

• Link or eliminate a suspect with biological evidence
• Substantiate case circumstances
• Corroborate or refute an alibi
• Identify a weapon used

The forensic biologist begins by evaluating the investigative information and available evidence to understand the nature of the case and the problem to be solved. Initially, items of physical evidence are examined for blood, semen, or saliva. Further analysis is guided by the investigating officer’s request, case circumstances, sample size and condition, available technology, and/or conformance to case policy.

Classification of biological evidence by conventional serology methods (ABO and polymorphic enzyme groupings) is no longer performed. DNA technology is used for individualization of biological evidence in forensic casework. Although biological evidence can be associated with an individual, it is not possible to determine the age of the sample.

Another service of the Forensic Biology section is the development of a Georgia DNA database of convicted felons as authorized by O.C.G.A. §§ 24-4-60. This database allows for the comparison of DNA profiles from casework samples to those offenders in the Georgia file. Profiles are also periodically uploaded to a national database as well. This database utilizes a FBI program known as CODIS (Combined DNA Index System). Routine searches are performed of the Georgia database as well as at the national level. This is discussed in more detail under the “CODIS” section of this document.

Cases submitted with no known suspect will be tested and appropriate data entered into the CODIS system. It should be noted although DNA testing is performed on such cases, priority is given to those cases in which a suspect is listed.

The following is an overview of the functioning and criteria used by the Forensic Biology section in the examination and testing of evidence.

Health and Safety Consideration

The Universal Precaution is that all biological evidence (liquid or dried) must be considered as a potentially infectious biohazard. For this reason, adequate protective clothing and proper evidence handling techniques are essential. Disposable latex gloves should always be worn when collecting and packaging evidence with possible body fluid

stains. Gloves serve the dual purpose of protecting oneself from contact with potentially infectious pathogens and when appropriately changed, preventing cross-contamination of biological stains from one item to another.

Collection and Submission of Known Samples

DNA has the potential to identify or eliminate a person as the source of biological evidence. Known reference samples from both the victim and suspect(s) is required to initiate DNA testing. These reference samples may be in the form of liquid blood or buccal swabbings (see below). If other persons who are suspected to be involved in a crime, their known samples should be submitted when relevant. In sexual assault cases, if recent voluntary sex (within 72 hours) is indicated, a known sample from the consenting partner is also necessary.

Liquid Blood Samples

NOTE: Collect approximately 5 ml known blood in a purple stoppered tube containing EDTA.

The blood tube(s) should be adequately labeled prior to delivery to the DOFS laboratory with the full name of the person from whom the blood was collected, the date and time of collection, the name (or initials) of the person obtaining sample, and, when applicable, the name (or initials) of the investigator observing the collection. The tube(s) should be individually sealed and enclosed in packaging that is also sealed. Marking the outer package “Knowns for DNA” will ensure proper routing in the DOFS laboratory.

Blood samples should be forwarded to the laboratory at the earliest possible time following collection. When necessary, blood can be held refrigerated prior to transfer but must not be frozen. It is preferable that blood is delivered in person during working hours but can be mailed/shipped using priority delivery. The samples should be sent early in the week so that their arrival is not delayed by a weekend. Liquid blood samples must not be enclosed in the same package with other physical evidence.

Knowledge of a blood transfusion prior to collection of a known blood should be relayed to the analyst in written documentation accompanying the sample. If a person has received multiple blood transfusions, contact the assigned analyst prior to collection of a known sample. In this instance, it may be necessary to wait 90 to 120 days before collecting the known blood.

Bandages or other samples collected from a wound are not suitable for use as a known. Bloodstained clothing will be used only when the individual is deceased and adequate known blood sample cannot be obtained. However, if this clothing is unsuitable, tissue or other appropriate samples should be collected at autopsy as described later.

Buccal Swabs

Buccal swabbings are taken from the mouth and may also be collected for use as a known sample in DNA analysis. Commerical kits may be purchased by private vendors if so desired. Instructions for collection of buccal swabbings is contained in such kits and do not require special medical personnel. NOTE: Do not collect a liquid saliva sample. Gum, cigarette butts or drink containers are also not to be collected as known reference items.

Tissue and other Biological Samples from Autopsy

Samples collected at autopsy for use as knowns are dependent on the condition of the deceased. Blood or bloodstain cards is preferred but if unsuitable or unavailable, tissues (including fingernails) or other biological samples may be submitted. Closely clipped fingernails are the preferred sample for DNA analysis when a body is decomposed. Because certain tissues are unsuitable, it is recommended that the Forensic Biology section be contacted regarding the best-known sample source for analysis. These submissions must be adequately labeled with the sample type in addition to other identifying information. Samples preserved in formaldehyde (formalin) are unsuitable for DNA. Tissues should be frozen immediately to best preserve sample quality and transported to the DOFS laboratory on ice or priority shipped on dry ice.

Collection and Submission of Evidence

Physical Evidence

When collecting physical evidence, it is preferable that the entire object be submitted to the laboratory with questioned stains intact. If removal or transport of an item is not possible, the stain(s) may be cut out or, when necessary, scraped from the item. Small stains should be collected on a water-dampened cotton-tipped applicator that must be air dried prior to packaging. Due to the sensitive nature of DNA testing, care must be taken not to contaminate the sample by the individual collecting the sample. This includes wearing gloves and refrain from sneezing or coughing on the sample.

Physical evidence for serological and DNA analysis should be packaged in paper, paper bags, envelopes, or cardboard boxes as appropriate to the sample type. For example, blood scrapings should be enclosed in folded paper packets, which are capable of containing the evidence without loss. Envelopes, paper bags, and pillboxes do not provide a suitable enclosure because scrapings can leak out at seams or openings. Tape is also an unsuitable method to retain scrapings. Plastic bags and airtight containers are unacceptable because they create an environment that can be damaging to biological evidence. Because heat, humidity, and sunlight all have destructive effects, evidence packages should always be maintained in a cool, dry location following collection.

Items from separate sources (victim and suspect clothing) or those suspected to have stains from different donors should always be packaged separately. These should not be handled excessively – especially in stained areas. All evidence items must be completely dried without heat or sunlight before packaging for delivery. Items with wet stains should be spread out on clear paper to dry because if they are folded wet, multiple stains can be created from one stain. Air-drying should be accomplished in a manner, which prevents cross-contamination of stains and loss of other evidence types (hair, fibers, or other trace evidence). Proper drying is particularly important to minimize the degradation of DNA.

Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Kits

The GBI Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Kit is prepared commercially. These kits have been adapted to comply with the statewide medical examination protocol developed for sexual assault victims. The kit is sufficient to collect adequate samples from the victim’s body to perform semen testing through DNA analysis. The instruction sheet provided in each kit is explicit and complete for proper evidence collection. Inadequate collection and/or preservation of these samples can eliminate the potential for suspect identification. No tubes are provided to obtain a known blood sample from the victim during the medical examination. In 2003 these kits were produced to include envelopes and swabs to collect buccal swabs as a known reference sample. If blood samples are taken, they should not be placed inside the sexual assault kit itself and should be packaged separately as described above.

Blood Identification

When adequate known blood from victim and/or suspect is submitted and reasonable justification accompanies the service request, evidence will be examined to:

• Locate bloodstain(s)
• Identify blood by chemical testing
• Determine if of human origin (this is not done if sample is to be DNA tested)
• Perform DNA testing

Bloodstains from a victim’s clothing or from under the body will not be profiled when there is no question as to the blood’s source. This request deviates from the basic premise of establishing a transfer between the victim, suspect, object, or location. For the same reason, multiple bloodstains collected from a crime scene will not be classified unless there is justifiable reason to expect that the suspect is bleeding. The fewest possible number of samples will be examined to answer the question at hand. Weapons removed from a wound by medical or autopsy personnel will not be routinely examined for blood.

Semen Identification

When evidence is submitted in a sexual assault case with a suspect identified, the evidence will be examined as appropriate to:

• Locate semen stain visually or by alternate light source
• Examine microscopically for spermatozoa (sperm)
• Test for other semen components when negative for sperm
• Perform DNA typing when requested

NOTE: Liquid semen is not needed as a known sample.

When a sexual assault evidence kit is submitted with no suspect identified, the items will be examined for semen. DNA analysis will be performed on cases that are positive for spermatozoa. The male DNA fraction from sexual assault cases will be entered into CODIS for comparison with other cases as long as it is of probative value.

Sexual assault evidence collection kits are examined as initial priority.
Victim’s clothing and bed linen will not be routinely examined for semen. An investigator may request this service by providing information which warrants the examination or indicates the likelihood that semen would be found there when not present in swabbings from the victim’s body or a sexual assault kit was not taken. Proper collection of victim’s clothing remains important, however, because it can be needed for DNA analysis in some circumstance.

Semen identification is not performed on suspect’s clothing or bed linen.

Saliva Identification

When dried stains or questioned samples are submitted, the evidence items will be examined to:

• Locate stain(s) using alternate light source
• Identify amylase (a chemical component of saliva)
• Evaluate suitability of evidence for DNA analysis
• Perform DNA typing when requested

When cigarette butts are submitted for saliva testing, the investigator must identify the brand(s) smoked by the victim, suspect, or other participants and confirm the last cleaning time of the location where collected. The examination for saliva and/or DNA typing will not be initiated until this information is provided to the analyst.

Other Specialized Examinations

Tissue

Tissue (skin, muscle, etc.), or other body parts are identified in conjunction with the DOFS Pathology Section. Further individualization procedures are dependent on the nature and condition of the evidentiary material.

Fingernail Scrapings

When a victim indicates vigorously scratching an attacker, the fingernails may be examined for visible bloodstains or small clumps of tissue. If seen, these should be collected using sharp tweezers or other clean instrument appropriate for removing the sample. If sufficiently long, the fingernail(s) can be clipped to collect the evidence. Some artificial fingernails may require scraping if they cannot be cut. NOTE: This is typically a “last resort” avenue of testing as in most instances the DNA profile obtained is from the individual the sample was taken.

DNA Profiling

DNA typing can be used as an investigative or trial tool to:

• Identify the donor of biological evidence
• Exclude a falsely accused suspect
• Associate serial rapes or other series of similar crimes
• Distinguish multiple assailants in rape cases
• Determine victim identity when other identification is not available
• Determine parentage in criminal cases only (it is recommended to call the forensic biology section to discuss this service prior to submission of samples.)

DNA testing may be performed on hair if specific criteria are met. If any other probative forensic results are available, DNA testing on